What is ReFine Therapeutic Skin Serum? ReFine™ is a topical therapeutic skin serum for the face and neck. Containing important nutrients for skin repair, ReFine™ therapeutic skin serum is a thin, non-oily, hypoalergenic, Paraben-free daily-use topical product that delivers important nourishing ingredients to the skin. Contains Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 (Matrixyl®), Hyaluronic Acid, DMAE, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Stabilized Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Olive Squalane, Organic Aloe Vera Gel, and Green Tea Extract, which all contribute to healthy skin, provide powerful protection against the oxidative damage from free radicals, and aid in skin repair. ReFine™ comes with a convenient pump top for easy application, and can be used in conjunction with CoQ10 Night Repair Cream.
Be sure to read the information below, on the important ingredients contained in this complete skin care product.
Free of phthalates, parabens, propylene glycol (PEGs), ethoxylates, acrylates, ureas, EDTA, artificial fragrances and colors. Hypoallergenic. Not tested on animals.
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What is Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 (Matrixyl®)?
Peptides are a family of small molecules formed by linking amino acids in a particular order. Proteins are polypeptides, that is, a chain of peptide molecules. Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 has five peptides in a chain, forming a protein that stimulates collagen I, collagen III, and elastin fibroblasts. Collagens are the main protein in the human body, forming about 25% of all protein in the body. While there are several types of collagens, they are typically referred to collectively as "collagen." Collagen has tremendous tensile strenght and is the main component of the connective tissues and it is what gives skin structure. As you age collagen breaks down, and that leads to wrinkles on the skin. Applied topically, Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 has been shown to rapidly lessen the appearance of wrinkles, thicken the skin, and improve the appearance of aging skin.16
What is Hyaluronic Acid?
Also called hyaluronan, hyaluronic acid is glycosaminoglycan (GAG), a long unbranched polysaccharide, that is a large component of connective and epithelial (skin) tissues. In 2003 the FDA approved hyaluronic acid injections for filling soft tissue defects such as facial wrinkles. These injections work by temporarily adding volume to the skin. Topically hyaluronic acid lessens the appearance of wrinkles in the same fashion.
What is Alpha-lipoic Acid?
Alpha-lipoic acid (also called lipoic acid or thioctic acid) is a sulfur-containing substance that is readily converted to and from its reduced form, dihydrolipoic acid. Alpha-lipoic acid acts as a coenzyme in reactions that occur in the Krebs cycle; specifically alpha-lipoic acid is involved in the decarboxylation of pyruvate and some other alpha-keto acids. ReFine ™ Skin Serum contains alpha-lipoic acid because this substance may well be the perfect antioxidant, able to neutralize both fat-soluble and water-soluble free radicals. This attribute of alpha-lipoic acid protects the skin cells from damage from a broad range of free radicals.
What is DMAE?
DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol) is a chemical naturally produced in the human brain. It is thought to be used by the body in converting choline to the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (i.e., it is a precursor to acetylcholine). Over the past few years DMAE has become very popular for skin health. It is believed that by increasing the skin's pathways for acetylcholine, DMAE increases the ability of skin cells to contract, improving skin texture. 11
What is Stabilized Vitamin C?
Like alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C helps neutralize free radicals and the damage they cause. More importantly, however, is that vitamin C is required for the production of collagen, the substance that provides structure and elasticity to the skin. Adding vitamin C to skin cell cultures has been demonstrated to dramatically increase collagen production. Vitamin C is an important and necessary ingredient for good skin elasticity and texture. Esterized vitamin C is stable and a ph-neutral form.
What is Olive Squalane?
Squalane is a lipid that is naturally present in the skin, that peaks during adolescence and begins to rapidly decline after age 25. Olive squalane is a botanical lipid that is identical in structure and formula to animal squalane, and rapidly absorbed by the skin. Olive squalane helps to moisturze the skin, acts as a bactericide, and promotes skin healing.
Free of phthalates, parabens, propylene glycol (PEGs), ethoxylates, acrylates, ureas, EDTA, artificial fragrances and colors. Hypoallergenic. Not tested on animals.
FOR TOPICAL USE ONLY.
Topical product, does not contain any animal ingredients.
References
1. Bonavita, E. (1986). "[Neuropsychological study of the senile brain during and after single and combined treatment with deanol and citicoline]." Clin Ter 117(5): 387-98. 2. Cherkin, A. and M. J. Exkardt (1977). "Effects of dimethylaminoethanol upon life-span and behavior of aged Japanese quail." J Gerontol 32(1): 38-45. 3. Dimpfel, W., H. C. Hofmann, A. Prohaska, F. Schober and R. Schellenberg (1996). "Source density analysis of functional topographical EEG: monitoring of cognitive drug action." Eur J Med Res 1(6): 283-90. 4. Ferris, S. H., G. Sathananthan, S. Gershon and C. Clark (1977). "Senile dementia: treatment with deanol." J Am Geriatr Soc 25(6): 241-4. 5. Fisman, M., H. Mersky and E. Helmes (1981). "Double-blind trial of 2-dimethylaminoethanol in Alzheimer's disease." Am J Psychiatry 138(7): 970-2. 6. Hochschild, R. (1973). "Effect of dimethylaminoethanol on the life span of senile male A-J mice." Exp Gerontol 8(4): 185-91. 7. Jenden, D. J., R. W. Russell, R. A. Booth, S. D. Lauretz, B. J. Knusel, M. Roch, K. M. Rice, R. George and J. J. Waite (1987). "A model hypocholinergic syndrome produced by a false choline analog, N- aminodeanol." J Neural Transm Suppl 24: 325-9. 8. Knusel, B., D. J. Jenden, S. D. Lauretz, R. A. Booth, K. M. Rice, M. Roch and J. J. Waite (1990). "Global in vivo replacement of choline by N-aminodeanol. Testing a hypothesis about progressive degenerative dementia: I. Dynamics of choline replacement." Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37(4): 799-809. 9. Lewis, J. A. and B. S. Lewis (1977). "Deanol in minimal brain dysfunction." Dis Nerv Syst 38(12 Pt 2): 21-4. 10. Marsh, G. R. and M. Linnoila (1979). "The effects of deanol on cognitive performance and electrophysiology in elderly humans." Psychopharmacology 66(1): 99-104. 11. Perricone, Nicholas. The Wrinkle Cure. 2000. 12. Russell, R. W., D. J. Jenden, R. A. Booth, S. D. Lauretz, K. M. Rice and M. Roch (1990). "Global in vivo replacement of choline by N-aminodeanol. Testing a hypothesis about progressive degenerative dementia: II. Physiological and behavioral effects." Pharmacol Biochem Behav 37(4): 811-20. 13. Silverman, R. W. and R. W. Russell (1991). "An automated method for studying drug effects on problem solving by small laboratory animals." Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 13(8): 535-9. 14. Stenback, F., J. H. Weisburger and G. M. Williams (1988). "Effect of lifetime administration of dimethylaminoethanol on longevity, aging changes, and cryptogenic neoplasms in C3H mice." Mech Ageing Dev 42(2): 129-38. 15.Zuckerman, B. M. and K. A. Barrett (1978). "Effects of PCA and DMAE on the namatode Caenorhabditis briggsae." Exp Aging Res 4(2): 133-9.
16. Lintner, K., Mas-Chamberlin, C. & Mondon. P. (2002). Pentapeptide facilitates matrix regeneration of photo-aged skin. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol. 129.
This website and these statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Please consult a properly trained medical practitioner for medical advice.
